Which older-generation antidepressant increases synaptic concentrations of serotonin and norepinephrine?

Tricyclic antidepressants are known to increase synaptic concentrations of both serotonin and norepinephrine by inhibiting their reuptake into the presynaptic neuron. When these neurotransmitters are not reabsorbed, they remain in the synaptic cleft for a longer period, leading to enhanced signaling in the postsynaptic receptors. This mechanism is crucial for their effectiveness in treating depression, as serotonin and norepinephrine play key roles in mood regulation and emotional well-being.

While monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOs) also affect serotonin and norepinephrine levels, they do so by preventing the breakdown of these neurotransmitters rather than directly inhibiting their reuptake like tricyclic antidepressants. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) primarily focus on serotonin and do not significantly influence norepinephrine levels. Antipsychotics primarily target dopamine receptors and are not typically used for the treatment of depression in the same way as antidepressants. Thus, the unique mechanism of action of tricyclic antidepressants aligns with the question regarding the increase of both serotonin and norepinephrine in synaptic concentration.